In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizl fungi on dry matter remobilization of barley in dryland conditions, a field experiment has been carried out in factorial analysis based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm station of Sarablah Agricultural Research Cente, Ilam during 2019-2020 cropping season. Experimental factors include different barley cultivars (Mahali, Mahoor, Khoram, and Fardan) and fertilizer application is the control (without fertilizer application), 50% P chemical fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis), mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer and 100% P chemical fertilizer. The results of this study indicate that the interaction of cultivar along with fertilizer application have had significant influence on dry matter remobilization efficiency from spike, Contribution of spike reserves to grain yield, dry matter remobilization efficiency from stem, Contribution of stem reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, Contribution of current photosynthesis, and grain filling rate. Thus, the interaction of Fardan cultivar and mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer has had the highest dry matter remobilization effeciency from spike, Contribution of spike reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, Contribution of current photosynthesis, and grain filling rate. In return, in this study the highest stem dry matter remobilization effeciency, Contribution of stem reserves to grain yield, have been obtained from the interaction of Mahali cultivar along with control treatment. According to the results, in dryland conditions of the region, new cultivar of Fardan as well as mycorrhizal fungi along with 50% P chemical fertilizer can be recommended.

To study the effect of deficit irrigation at reproductive growth stage on quantity, efficiency and Contribution of dry matter remobilization in four sunflower cultivars; Azargol, Allstar, Alison and Euroflor, a field experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculturale, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran, in 2007 growing season. The experiment was arranged as split plot in complete randomized block design with three replications. The irrigation levels included; full irrigation, deficit irrigation at heading, at flowering, at grain filing, at heading+grain filling and at flowering+grain filling stages. Results indicated that the highest grain yield was obtained from Euroflor with full irrigation treatment (75.1 g.plant-1). Deficit irrigation at grain filling stage had the lowest reduction in grain yield. The greatest remobilization was observed incv. Alison with deficit irrigation at grain filling stage, cv. Allstar with deficit irrigation at flowering and grain filling stages followed by Euroflor with deficit irrigation at grain filling stage by 22.6, 22.4 and 22.1 g. plant-1, respectively. The highest efficiency and Contribution of remobilization was observed incv. Allstar with deficit irrigation at flowering and grain filling stages by 55.8% and 50.4%, respectively.cv. Azargol with deficit irrigation at heading stage had the lowest of remobilization and remobilization efficiency. It can be concluded that when water is limited, deficit irrigation at grain filling stage had the lowest reduction in grain yield due to remobilization of dry matter.

Stem water soluble carbohydrates are one of the major sources of assimilates for seed filling in photosynthesis limitation conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the remobilization potential of wheat varieties by potassium iodide. 22 wheat cultivars as sub plots were cultivated in a split plot design with three replications in two growing seasons 2015- 2017 and application and no application of potassium iodide (KI) were main plots. Yield, the number of seed per spike, remobilization, and Contribution of remobilization in grain yield were estimated. Significant genotypic variation among cultivars was observed under both normal and KI application. Current photosynthesis elimination decreased the average seed weight per spike by 46%. Grain yield per spike in some cultivars such as Shoosh, Pishgam and Arta and Zare was decresed significantly (up to 65%). The average of grain number per spike was 38 in control, but the application of potassium iodide reduced it to 24% (29 grain per spike). The results of this study showed that the inhibition of current photosynthesis increased the remobilization of assimilate from 3% to 44% in different cultivars. According to the results of cluster analysis, Karim, Shebrang, Hamoon, Pishgam and Dena cultivars had high and also Zare, Chamran and Shush cultivars had low remobilization potentials.

In order to study of the effects of biofertilizers on growth indices and Contribution of dry matter remobilization in wheat grain yield, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors were: nitrogen application time at three levels, (1/3 planting, 1/3 tillering and stem elongation, 1/3 before flowering), (1/4 planting, 1/2 tillering and stem elongation stages, 1/4 before flowering) and (1/4 planting, 1/4 emergence, 1/4 stem elongation, 1/4 flowering) as N1, N2 and N3 respectively. Seed inoculation treatments with PGPR containing control (without inoculation) seed inoculation with Azotobacter chrocoococum strain 5, Psedomunas strain 41 and 186. Maximum of dry matter remobilization per plant was obtained in nitrogen application time as N1 without seed inoculation and the least was obtained in nitrogen application as N3 and seed inoculation with Azotobacter. Grain yield per plant, number of grains per spike, hundred seed weight, plant height, root weight and protein content (%) increased at nitrogen application as N1 and seed inoculation with PGPR. Dry matter accumulation increased slowly at all treatment combinations until 40 days after sowing (DAF), then increased rapidly till 70 (DAF). Then it decreased till harvest time due to aging of leaves. So, it can be suggested that in order to increase grain yield and other growth indices, nitrogen should be applied as N1 in combination with seed inoculation with Azotobacter.

To study the evaluation of grain yield and dry matter remobilization of barley, cultivar Jonoob, under planting pattern and seeding rate treatments, a research was carried out as strip plot in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Iran, during 2013-14 cropping season. The experimental treatments were including four planting pattern (flat planting with 17 cm distance of rows, flat planting with 25 cm distance of rows, 3 rows on ridges with 50 cm wide and 2 rows on ridges with 50 cm wide) as first factor and four level of seeding rate (200, 300, 400 and 500 seeds/m2) as second factor. Results showed that the maximum leaf area index, 1000-grain weight, grain yield (5072.1 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (13250.2 kg.ha-1) obtained in flat planting with 17 cm distance of rows. Day to ear emergence, grain number per spike and grain yield decreased by increasing the seeding rate, but the number of spike per m2 increased. The interaction effects of planting pattern and seeding rate were significant on the remobilization efficiency and Contribution of the remobilization in grain yield. Three rows on ridge method has more sensitive to changes of the seeding rate, so the Contribution of remobilization in grain yield significantly increased with the increasing of each unit in seed rate. This indicates that decreasing of the row spacing together with more utilization of the seeds increased dependence of the grains to storage materials through intensified competition, decrease of the light penetration into the canopy and acceleration of the leaves chlorosis.

Water Water deficit especially after heading is one of the most effective factors of wheat yield loss in Iran and across the world and identifying the physiological traits related to plant resilience is of great importance in screening for tolerant varieties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in stem reserves accumulation capacity and its relationship with remobilization in some wheat cultivars. 22 wheat cultivars were cultivated in a split plot design with three replications, full irrigation and 40% of field capacity being main plots. The amount of accumulation and remobilization was estimated by measuring internodes weight and stem soluble carbohydrates content (WSC). Significant genotypic variation among cultivars was observed under both normal and drought conditions. Maximum accumulation was found in lower internodes followed by peduncle and penultimate using dry weight measurement method. In WSC measurement method, however, maximum accumulation was observed in penultimate followed by lower internodes and peduncle. Cultivars ranking based on accumulation was also different in two methods. Drought stress caused decline in internodes weight, WSC and yield and remobilization efficiency. The specific stem weight had the highest correlation with remobilization. Significant correlation was found between grain yield and remobilization, specific stem weight and WSC.

In order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on dry matter remobilization of new dryland wheat cultivars, field experiment was conducted in a factorial using randomized complete block design with three replications on the farms of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center in the cropping seson during 2019-2020. Experimental treatments include different wheat cultivars (Sardari, Karim, Koohdasht and Rijaw) and treatment of different fertilizer sources including: control (without fertilizer source), 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + 50% N fertilizer, Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer and 100% N fertilizer recommended. The results of this study showed that the effect of cultivar and fertilizer sources were significant on stem and spike dry weight, dry matter remobilization efficiency from stem and spike, Contribution of stem and spike reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, Contribution of current photosynthesis, grain filling period and grain filling rate. The interaction of Rijaw × Azospirillum+ Azetobacter+ 50% N fertilizer had the highest dry matter remobilization efficiency from spike, Contribution of spike reserves to grain yield, current photosynthesis rate, Contribution of current photosynthesis and grain filling rate. In this study, the highest dry matter remobilization efficiency from stem, Contribution of stem reserves to grain yield was obtained from the interaction between Sardari cultivar × control treatments (without fertilizer source).

This experiment has been performed to study the effect of seed sowing density and different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer application on the remobilization indices in wheat (Qaboos cultivar) in the field of Gonbad Kavous Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in two years (2018-19 and 2019-20) in three replications and as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design. The main plots include pure nitrogen at four levels, i. e., 0 (control), 46, 92, and 138 kg/ha of nitrogen from urea fertilizer source), and the subplots are planting density at six levels (150, 225, 300, 375, 450, and 525 seed/m2). The remobilization photosynthetic assimilate separately from leaves, main stem (without leaves), and seedless spike components are examined to study the process of photosynthetic material transfer to seed. Results show that there has been significant differences among planting density, nitrogen fertilizer, and interaction of planting density× fertilizer treatments in terms of grain nitrogen percentage and remobilization traits of wheat. The highest percentage of grain nitrogen (1. 87%) has been obtained in the treatment of 138 kg/ha nitrogen and 450 seed/m2. In the first year, the highest remobilization from the plant is observed in the treatment of 92 kg/ha nitrogen and 375 seeds/m2 (0. 528 gr/plant), and in the second year, in the control, the highest remobilization is observed in the planting density of 300 seeds/m2 (0. 345 gr/plant), and then with increasing planting density, the remobilization from the plant is reduced.

The remobilization of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) has an important role for grain yield. This study investigated the accumulation and remobilization of WSC in non-leaf organs (chaff, upper stem, and lower stem) and their Contribution to grain yield, under different irrigation levels (rainfed, reduced irrigation, and full irrigation) and seeding rate treatments (450, 600 and 750 plants m-2) using two winter wheat cultivars, Shijiazhuang 8 (SJZ-8) and Lumai 21 (LM-21), in two field experiments.Results showed that decreasing irrigation and increasing seeding rates increased WSC accumulation and remobilization, remobilization efficiency, and Contribution to grain yield in non-leaf organs. When the organs are ranked from highest to lowest in terms of the WSC accumulation amount, remobilization amount, remobilization efficiency, and Contribution to grain yield, they are: the lower stem, the upper stem, and then the chaff. And between cultivars, these amounts were higher in SJZ-8 than in LM-21. The total Contribution, pre-anthesis Contribution, and post-anthesis Contribution of WSC remobilization from all non-leaf organs to grain yield ranged from 11.7 to 21.5%, 4.8 to 9.4%, and 6.9 to 12.1%, respectively. This increase in WSC accumulation, remobilization, and Contribution to grain yield in non-leaf organs is an important reason high grain yields can be maintained in water-saving and optimal high density management systems.

Pre-anthesis stored dry matter in vegetative tissues of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) are important, because grain filling and yield frequently depend on the remobilization of pre-anthesis assimilates. In this work that was conducted in the University of Tabriz in 2004 and 2005 (pot and field experiments, respectively), the Contribution of leaf, stem and sheath in grain filling were determined in two cultivars of barley, Walfajr and Reihan. Influence of three levels of nitrogen (60, 120 and 180 Kgha-1) and drought stress (>80, 55-65 and 35-45 percentage of field capacity) on accumulation and remobilization of assimilates and their Contribution in grain filling were investigated. Maximum pre-anthesis stored dry matter (including non structural carbohydrates and nitrogen) increased in high N treatment. Nitrogen and non structural carbohydrates had the highest values in leaf and sheath, respectively. A significant enhancement of remobilization was observed under drought stress particularly in high N.treatment. Under severe drought stress, harvest index was increased 10% in both pot and field experiments. remobilization efficiency was higher in flag leaf, peduncle, internode 1 and sheath 4. Prean thesis application of high and normal nitrogen in pot and field experiments, respectively, increased Contribution of stem internodes and sheath reserves to grain filling especially, when plants were confronted with drought stress. Peduncle with 3.9% and internode beneath peduncle with 6% and their respective sheaths had the highest Contribution to grain filling in pot and field experiments respectively, which was related to the length of these parts. Generally, application of controlled water stress during grain filling period causes a higher remobilization from vegetative tissues before onset of water stress at the end of growing season.